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Two Polaroids $P_1$ and $P_2$ are placed with their axis perpendicular to each other. Unpolarised light $I_0$ is incident on $P_1$. A third polaroid $P_3$ is kept in between $P_1$ and $P_2$ such that its axis makes an angle $45^\circ$ with that of $P_1$. The intensity of transmitted light through $P_2$ is
Explanation
Halve at the first polaroid, then apply $\cos^2 45^\circ$ twice.
Detailed Solution
After $P_1$: $I_1 = \frac{I_0}{2}$
$I_2 = \frac{I_0}{2}\cos^2 45^\circ = \frac{I_0}{2}\times\frac{1}{2} = \frac{I_0}{4}$
$I_3 = \frac{I_0}{4}\cos^2 45^\circ = \frac{I_0}{8}$
