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In the following figure, the diodes which are forward biased are
A
(b) and (d)
B
(a), (b) and (d)
C
(c) only
D
(c) and (a)
Detailed Solution
A diode is forward biased when its p-side (anode) is at a higher potential than its n-side (cathode).
(a): the p-side is connected (through R) to +10 V and the n-side to +5 V; p is at the higher potential, so it is forward biased.
(b): the p-side is connected (through R) to −10 V and the n-side to earth (0 V); p is at the lower potential, so it is reverse biased.
(c): the p-side is connected (through R) to −5 V and the n-side to −12 V; −5 V is higher than −12 V, so it is forward biased.
(d): the p-side is earthed (0 V) and the n-side is connected (through R) to +5 V; p is at the lower potential, so it is reverse biased.
Hence the forward biased diodes are (c) and (a).
(a): the p-side is connected (through R) to +10 V and the n-side to +5 V; p is at the higher potential, so it is forward biased.
(b): the p-side is connected (through R) to −10 V and the n-side to earth (0 V); p is at the lower potential, so it is reverse biased.
(c): the p-side is connected (through R) to −5 V and the n-side to −12 V; −5 V is higher than −12 V, so it is forward biased.
(d): the p-side is earthed (0 V) and the n-side is connected (through R) to +5 V; p is at the lower potential, so it is reverse biased.
Hence the forward biased diodes are (c) and (a).